International webinar on
Proteomics

According to the research, in diseases like cancer, specific genes, molecules, and cellular processes may become aberrant. Protein biochemistry attempts to diagnose and manipulate illness and health-related molecular Processes. The five goals of molecular medicine features are often intertwined.

• Detecting sickness at an early stage
• Prognosis accuracy is being improved.
• Increasing the efficacy of medicines
• Lowering the level of intrusiveness
• Health monitoring and individualised care 

The same genome sequence behaves differently in different cell types, responds to the environment, and evolves with time. The epigenome, which consists of chemical alterations to the genome sequence and the proteins that package the genome, is a major contributor to differences in DNA function between cell types and over time. The Epigenome and Disease Finding Patterns of Histone Modification DNA Methylation.

Immunopeptidomics is the science of employing mass spectrometry to investigate the composition and dynamics of peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules (MS).The importance of mass spectrometry immunopeptidomics in finding cancer-fighting T cell targets is critical.

The mass-to-charge ratio of ions is measured using mass spectrometry (MS), an analytical technique. It is employed in a variety of fields and can be applied to both pure samples and complex mixtures. The ion signal is plotted as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio in a mass spectrum. These spectra are used to determine a sample's elemental or isotopic signature, particle and molecule masses, and the chemical identity or structure of molecules and other chemical compounds.

The study of how genes influence a person's pharmacological reaction is known as pharmacogenomics. This relatively new area combines pharmacology (drug science) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to create effective, safe treatments and doses that are personalised to a person's genetic makeup. It is highly important area for improving drug therapy and prescribing in the future.

Protein deficiency disorder is very common among the children below 5years of age. This is because of the lack of food .Lack of food is because of the poverty. It is measured in terms of height for age, weight for age, Low height for weight (stunting), Low weight for height (wasting).This will be finding out with the help of WHO growth chart Z-scores and percentiles. These are all the indicators of Protein Energy Malnutrition. The children affected with PEM will be treated according to the severity.

According to the WHO guidelines, expectant mother should be free of Nutritional deficiencies. Nutritional deficiency will directly hit the baby which is developing in the foetus. According to ICMR (Extra calories and Extra protein) is recommended to prevent the deficiency disorders among baby. Expectant mother always should have balanced diet to prevent those deficiencies.

Lactation is very important period for mother as well as baby. It protects child from infection. For mother it helps to lowers the risk of breast and ovarian cancers and prevent from endocrine disorders like diabetes mellitus. As per World Health Organization guidelines, exclusive breast feeding upto 6months is very important for the child to prevent infectious diseases and Malnutrition. Lactating mother also needs extra calories and protein to be healthy and to prevent nutritional deficiency. Protein is one of the essential nutrients which is helpful in producing Milk.

Enteral Nutrition supplementation is preferred when the child is not tolerating the oral foods or may be because of the continuous nausea and vomiting. The enteral Nutrition supplementation can be initiated to prevent further weight loss. The feeding tube can be inserted via Nasogastric feeding or Nasojejunal feeding.

Parenteral Nutrition supplementation is initiated when the child is facing any difficulties with Enteral Nutrition or the child digestive system is not working properly. It can be supplied by either through central vein or peripheral vein.  It is also initiated to prevent further Muscle wasting. 

Pediatric nursing is the therapeutic care of newborns and children from infancy through adolescence, involving the immediate management of critically ill children and the provision of effective healthcare services. The fundamental goal of pediatric nursing is to lower baby and child mortality rates while also encouraging a healthy and nutritious lifestyle. In pediatric nursing, congenital abnormalities, genetic diversity, and developmental difficulties are key concerns. Pediatricians collaborate with medical specialists, healthcare professionals, and paediatric sub-specialists to help children who are experiencing difficulties.

Renal biopsy, together with serum creatinine and proteinuria, is the gold standard test for establishing a diagnosis, especially in glomerular disease. Proteomics has emerged as a valuable method for discovering new biomarkers in kidney disease. Traditional indicators like serum creatinine and urine protein can't diagnose kidney pathology as early or as accurately as novel proteomics can. Furthermore, proteomic indicators may be beneficial in determining the best therapy targets.

Proteomic technologies have developed as a valuable complement to genomic and anti-body-based cancer detection tools.2-Dgel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, laser capture micro dissection, and the identification of cancer molecular markers and protein patterns are all important technologies. Protein biochips are the most probable technology to be widely adopted in clinical applications. The use of these technologies to treat a variety of malignancies.

By realising its potential, Proteomics can diagnose cardiovascular disorders such as angina and Myocardial Infractions, also known as coronary artery diseases. Furthermore, several proteomic approaches are fast developing. Biochemical and Physiological approaches can be used to understand the relationship between proteome alteration and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Transcriptome and RNA profiling are utilised to map out CVD mechanisms and look for disease biomarkers.2D PAGE for Cardiovascular Proteomics Analyse Cardiac Muscle Proteome DIGE of Rat Heart Proteins Anti-Hypertensive Therapy.

Nowadays, proteins or biomarkers are used to diagnose neurological illnesses.The cerebrospinal fluid, blood, serum, plasma, saliva, or urine sample may contain these indicators. To avoid further damage, it is critical to get a diagnosis as soon as possible. Identification of changes in new protein levels and activities under illness settings is required for early diagnosis. These could be employed as disease-specific proteomic biomarkers, and they could be found utilising neuroproteomics.Neuroproteomics is a new technique for verifying disease-related protein patterns.It also shows how these proteins interact with other proteins and go through post-translational modifications. 

Protein deficiency is often associated with liver disease. The principal cause of protein deficiency is decreased dietary intake. Deficiencies in digestion and absorption that are common in alcoholics contribute to protein deficiency in alcoholic liver disease. Moreover the protein requirement is increased for those who affected with liver diseases. Mostly 2grams of protein is recommended to prevent weight loss and progression of diseases.

Protein requirement for kidney diseases will differ for each and every category. The patient on haemodialysis need up to 2grams of protein daily to meet the requirement and loses during dialysis at the same side  if  it  is peritoneal dialysis  the requirement will be  up to 0.8grams per day with reference to  body weight. So the role of protein is very important in each and every categorization of renal diseases.

The term "cardiovascular disease" refers to any ailment that affects the heart or blood vessels. It is associated with fatty deposits in the arteries (atherosclerosis) and an elevated risk of blood clots. Macronutrients and antioxidants are the nutrients which is helpful in treating heart diseases. Mainly protein is the key nutrient among the patient who had undergone cardiac surgery for wound healing. Also it plays a crucial role in paediatric age group with heart diseases. The requirement of protein will vary for each and every cardiac diseases according to patient’s profile.

Muscle protein depletion is a hallmark of cancer cachexia and, due to the frequent presence of anabolic  resistance, dietary amino acid incorporation is impaired. Data suggest that in cancer cachexia-impaired protein balance and anabolic resistance in muscle may be overcome by simultaneously supplementing insulin and amino acids. So the requirement of protein has been increased to prevent such muscle loss. Extra Nutrition Supplementation also implemented to prevent diseases progression where the key nutrient is protein.

Appropriate nutrition is critical for the growth and maintenance of bone structures that are resistant to mechanical forces. Dietary proteins, in conjunction to calcium in the presence of enough vitamin D, are important nutrients for bone health and hence aid in the prevention of osteoporosis. It helps to enhances the mineralisation of bone and thereby preventing the bone diseases.

Protein plays a crucial role in controlling diabetes mellitus. The study proven that consuming more than or equal to 75gms of protein alone is results in significant and helps in controlling the blood glucose level. So the diet should be prescribing with respect to the patient’s Blood glucose parameters. The protein requirement will vary if there is any disease along with diabetes mellitus.

A hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges. The exact aetiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome is unknown, however it may be caused by a mix of genetic and environmental factors. The Researches proven that diet rich in high protein and low carbohydrate will help to reduce the psychological problems and preventing weight gain.

Protein demands must be determined based on a Systematic Nutritional Assessment that takes into account disease-specific needs, medical condition, nutritional status, age, gender, and organ function. Protein requirements for healthy persons are 0.8-1 g/kg/day, which must be supplemented by appropriate energy to allow effective nitrogen use. Administration of mixed essential and non-essential amino acids in HPN prescriptions must be based on the needs of the individual and be infused over time. Many stable patients on HPN are satisfactorily maintained on prescriptions that provide 0.8-1.4 g of protein with respect to the body weight of the patient with Intestinal disorders.

Protein needs are increased in patients under metabolic stress or recovering from surgical procedures or burns, range from 1.0 to 2.0 g/kg of body weight depending on the diagnosis. The protein requirement for wound care patient will depend upon the degree of burns .The degree is higher than 40%, the supplementation of protein will be very high which is up to 2%  according  to Ideal weight.

A Psychological Disorder is a condition marked by abnormal feelings, thoughts, and behaviours. The study of psychological problems, including their symptoms, aetiology (causes), and therapy, is known as psychopathology. The term psychopathology can also refer to a psychological disorder's expression. The study concluded that high protein diet is a protective effect on depressive symptoms and also other psychological  problems.

Case study discussion will be based on the topic of the conference. It can be any diseases condition .The Professors and Post graduate  student from the medicine background and all healthcare profession can present their follow-up case study in this forum.